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ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. . Hitler unleashed his air force or Luftwaffe, including the entire Condor Legion, which practiced in Spain the tactics it would use in the larger conflict to come. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it was a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the In 1931, leftist Republican parties triumphed in municipal and national elections, forcing Alfonso to leave Spain. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. instructors. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. a propaganda film by the German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. You can view our. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, and Madrid, beset by civil strife between communists and anticommunists, fell to the Nationalists on March 28. It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. Dont have an account? He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. - Chevy Chase, SNL . Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. his people viewed him as a god. Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. Want 100 or more? German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrn, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Republican government in Madrid under Largo Cabellero was divided within itself, Please wait while we process your payment. a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. Ch. SparkNotes PLUS creating and saving your own notes as you read. the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force, which was one of two paramilitary forces employed by the Royal Irish Constabulary from 1920 to 1921, to suppress revolution in Ireland by targeting the IRA. a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. The strongly nationalistic PM of France during WWI, who helped negotiate the Treaty of Versailles. The ever-cautious democracies, fearful of war, would not intervene, even to provide the Spanish government with weapons and supplies. Picasso uses jagged, fragmented forms and distorted faces to great effect, creating an atmosphere of panic and terror. The plan's strategy was to first defeat France in the West while Russia was hopefully very slowly mobilizing its army in the East, then using Germany's good railroads, cross over to the East and defeat Russia. Continue to start your free trial. First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. It began in the United States and quickly spread to Europe and every part of the world, with devastating effects in both industrialized countries and those which export raw materials. Blum passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. Southern Pro-Nazi French; govern themselves as loyal to nazis; traitors to the Free French in N. France. $24.99 The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. In 1936, the pendulum swung again; new elections yielded a left-center majority and a Popular Front government, alarming the wealthy, the clergy, and the military. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. Example 1. The right reacted with fervor. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. Sometimes it can end up there. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. out the war than the clumsy democratic government of the Republicans. artillery. was the effective ruler and later formal head of state of first parts of Spain from October 1936 and then all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. For each of the following sentences, tell whether the italicized word or word group functions as an adjective or an adverb. II. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . This island was the site of the US's first invasion of Japanese-held territory. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Civil Guard was present. The war also had mobilized many artists and intellectuals to take up arms. city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated more than 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time.