how do psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous systemhow do psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system

They are generally safe when a person takes them as a doctor prescribes and over the short term. Despite the fact that young people have experimented with cigarettes, alcohol, and other dangerous drugs for many generations, it would be better if they did not. Low-tolerance people tend to make a few pumps and then collect the money, whereas more risky people pump more times into each balloon. Also, initiating marijuana use before turning age 18 raises the risk for addiction as an adult. These drugs are commonly found in everyday foods and beverages, including chocolate, coffee, and soft drinks, as well as in alcohol and in over-the-counter drugs, such as aspirin, Tylenol, and cold and cough medication. But amphetamine (speed) is also used illegally as a recreational drug. Heroin Addiction Heroin addiction causes the brain to swell. But when we are drunk, we are less likely to be so aware. A multilevel analysis. It can cause headaches, abdominal pain, and nausea. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes . Snorting cocaine tends to cause a high that averages about 15 to 30 minutes. Which ones? It may be the oldest drug on record, known to the Sumerians before 4000 BC. We avoid using tertiary references. Drugs affect the body's central nervous system. Perhaps this should not be suprising, because many people find using drugs to be fun and enjoyable. There are three major types of CNS depressants: sedatives, hypnotics, and tranquilizers. Nicotine is also found in smokeless (chewing) tobacco. Psychotropic drugs are medications that alter mood, perceptions, and behavior. The hallucinogens may produce striking changes in perception through one or more of the senses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 7585. Psychoactive drugs affect consciousness by influencing how neurotransmitters operate at the synapses of the central nervous system (CNS). Injecting or smoking cocaine produces a faster, stronger high than snorting it. They cause changes in a person's mood, behavior, and awareness (like time and space). Illegal drugs can contain substances that are dangerous to consume. Review the evidence regarding the dangers of recreational drugs. anxiety. It constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The phrase psychoactive drug often refers to illegal substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), heroin, and cocaine. Review What is a psychoactive drug? In some people, MDMA may also have stimulant or hallucinogenic effects. However, the faster the drug is absorbed, the faster the effects subside. Psychotropic drugs are ubiquitous in our society . The psychoactive chemical in marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (TCH), interacts and binds with cannabinoid receptors in the brain, producing a mellowing and relaxing effect. A stimulant is a psychoactive drug that operates by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. Central nervous system depressants are used to treat a number of different disorders, including: insomnia, anxiety, panic attacks, stress, sleep disorders, pain, and seizures. Psychotropic drugs are a loosely defined grouping of agents that have effects on psychological function and include the antidepressants, hallucinogens, and tranquilizers. Alcohol use is highly costly to societies because so many people abuse alcohol and because judgment after drinking can be substantially impaired. Cocaine and meth, especially, produce an intense high as they rapidly flood the brain with dopamine. Drugs from each of these categories can affect a person's . East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Depressants inhibit the CNS, increasing the activation of the GABA neurotransmitter. 6 general classifications of psychoactive drugs: Stimulants: These drugs increase activity in the central nervous system and are used to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. As a result, they become less likely to notice the social constraints that normally prevent them from engaging aggressively, and are less likely to use those social constraints to guide them. 13.4 Evaluating Treatment and Prevention: What Works? Flashbacks (formally termed Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder), produce intense hallucinations that are nearly impossible to predict. Brand names include Luminal (Phenobarbital), Mebaraland, Nembutal, Seconal, and Sombulex. NIDA warns that marijuana use in adolescence, and continued on into adulthood, may result in a loss of IQ points that are not recoverable even with abstinence. While these drugs do not produce the physical symptoms of withdrawal and addiction that opioids, stimulants, and depressants cause, they do significantly alter the way the brain works. Many psychoactive substances have therapeutic function as analgesics or anesthetics and high addiction potential (1). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Bushman, B. J. Is exercise more effective than medication for depression and anxiety? These drugs are called opioids partly because they activate the opioid receptors on nerve cells, mimicking the effects of pain-relieving chemicals that would otherwise be produced naturally. The following are common examples of psychoactive drugs and their effects on the body. Alcohol increases aggression in part because it reduces the ability of the person who has consumed it to inhibit his or her aggression (Steele & Southwick, 1985). AdCare Hospital Outpatient - Multiple Cities, AdCare Rhode Island Outpatient - Multiple Cities, Resolutions Recovery Residences - Multiple Cities. Our admissions navigators are available to help 24/7 to discuss treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 44(4), 250259. A psychoactive drug is a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods. If you believe that you or someone close to you is showing signs of addiction, you can contact the following organizations for immediate help and advice: Psychoactive drugs alter the way a person thinks, acts, and feels. Although the level of physical dependency is small, amphetamines may produce very strong psychological dependence, effectively amounting to addiction. 1.2 The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions, 2.1 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Research, 2.2 Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand Behavior, 2.3 You Can Be an Informed Consumer of Psychological Research, 3.1 The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous System, 3.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior, 3.3 Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methods, 3.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System, 4.1 We Experience Our World Through Sensation, 4.5 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception, 5.1 Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for Action, 5.2 Altering Consciousness With Psychoactive Drugs, 5.3 Altering Consciousness Without Drugs, 6.2 Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learning, 6.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity, 6.4 Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Lives, 6.5 Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and Bereavement, 7.1 Learning by Association: Classical Conditioning, 7.2 Changing Behavior Through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning, 7.4 Using the Principles of Learning to Understand Everyday Behavior, 8.2 How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memory, 8.3 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognition, 9.2 The Social, Cultural, and Political Aspects of Intelligence, 9.3 Communicating With Others: The Development and Use of Language, 10.3 Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness, 10.4 Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating, 11.1 Personality and Behavior: Approaches and Measurement, 11.3 Is Personality More Nature or More Nurture? Furthermore, your mood and behavior change, too. Stimulants include illicit drugs like cocaine, and amphetamine, as well as legal drugs like caffeine and medical prescription drugs to treat ADHD. What are the short-term effects of cocaine use? Headaches. Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. Vaughan, E. L., Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2009). Depressants change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and the reticular formation. Alcohol is the most widely used drug of abuse in the world. Some psychoactive drugs are agonists, which mimic the operation of a neurotransmitter; some are antagonists, which block the action of a neurotransmitter; and some work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse. Alcohol increases the likelihood that people will respond aggressively to provocations (Bushman, 1993, 1997; Graham, Osgood, Wells, & Stockwell, 2006). For people who do become addicted to drugs, the success rate of recovery is low. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Where to Find a Dual Diagnosis Treatment Center, 24352 Featherstone Canyon Rd, Lakeside, CA 92040. Higher doses of this drug can cause a person to experience erratic behaviors, including violence, anxiety, panic, and paranoia. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants that affect GABA neurotransmission. Hallucinogens can alter a persons senses and cause them to see or hear things that are not there. The more often drugs are used, the more they will impact brain chemicals and circuitry, which can lead to drug dependence and withdrawal symptoms when the drugs process out of the body. Effects of stimulants include increased heart and breathing rates, pupil dilation, and increases in blood sugar accompanied by decreases in appetite. However, the physical effects of heroin, such as a slower heart rate and reduced breathing, may sometimes be life threatening. Carl Lejuez and his colleagues (Lejuez, Aklin, Bornovalova, & Moolchan, 2005) tested the hypothesis that cigarette smoking was related to a desire to take risks. Many psychoactive drugs have multiple effects, so they may be placed in more than one class. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/HSYouthTrends.html. Opioids, including codeine, opium, morphine and heroin, produce euphoria and analgesia by increasing activity in opioid receptor neurons. Opioids are chemicals that increase activity in opioid receptor neurons in the brain and in the digestive system, producing euphoria, analgesia, slower breathing, and constipation. PCP interacts with dopamine as well, while salvia activates the kappa opioid receptor present on nerve cells, per NIDA. Psychoactive drugs fall into different categories, depending on what effects the drug has on a person. Addiction. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, tolerance, and addiction. MDMA also affects the temperature-regulating mechanisms of the brain, so in high doses, and especially when combined with vigorous physical activity like dancing, it can cause the body to become so drastically overheated that users can literally burn up and die from hyperthermia and dehydration. Alcohol, a depressant psychoactive, slows down brain activity by increasing the activity of GABA neurotransmitters. Because they may not undergo professional manufacturing processes in a laboratory, a person cannot be sure what ingredients an illegal drug may contain. In small to moderate doses, barbiturates produce relaxation and sleepiness, but in higher doses symptoms may include sluggishness, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, drowsiness, faulty judgment, and eventually coma or even death (Medline Plus, 2008). Today cocaine is taken illegally as recreational drug. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Marijuana use can also disrupt heart rhythm and normal cardiac functions. While CNS depressants all share an ability to reduce activity in the central nervous system . Participants in the research were 125 5th- through 12th-graders attending after-school programs throughout inner-city neighborhoods in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. They are synthetic compounds introduced into medicine to produce an anesthetic loss of sensation without depressing respiration and cardiovascular function as do the general anesthetics. The faster the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to the brain, the more intense the high. They primarily affect the neural circuits in the brain that produce serotonin (a neurotransmitter) and produce perception-altering effects in the user. The hallucinogens are frequently known as psychedelics. Drugs in this class include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, or Acid), mescaline, and phencyclidine (PCP), as well as a number of natural plants including cannabis (marijuana), peyote, and psilocybin. Hallucinogenic and dissociative drugs can also interact with the central nervous system, causing irregularities in body temperature, heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. Continued use of stimulants may result in severe psychological depression. Some may even suffer from a serious disorder called hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, or HPPD, which interferes with daily life functioning in the form of ongoing visual disturbances and hallucinations, or persistent psychosis, a series of mental problems that continue after drug use is stopped. While they are not addictive and pose little physical threat to the body, their use is not advisable in any situation in which the user needs to be alert and attentive, exercise focused awareness or good judgment, or demonstrate normal mental functioning, such as driving a car, studying, or operating machinery. Robins, L. N., Davis, D. H., & Goodwin, D. W. (1974). At the same time, the drug also releases dopamine, the reward neurotransmitter. Common types of hallucinogenic drugs are: LSD Mushrooms Ecstasy Marijuana (in high doses) Mescaline Hallucinogens are dangerous and unpredictable. When heroin was produced a few decades later, it was also initially thought to be a more potent, less addictive painkiller but was soon found to be much more addictive than morphine. In small doses, they can cause a person to feel more relaxed and less inhibited. The most commonly used of the depressants is alcohol, a colorless liquid, produced by the fermentation of sugar or starch, that is the intoxicating agent in fermented drinks. Industry Accreditations, Reviews & Ratings. Brand names include Centrax, Dalmane, Doral, Halcion, Librium, ProSom, Restoril, Xanax, and Valium. Coffee: The demon drink? Stimulants block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. In general, hallucinogens are not considered to be addictive; however, there may be residual effects of their abuse. Marijuana also acts as a stimulant, producing giggling, laughing, and mild intoxication. Cigarette smokers who try to quit, for example, experience physical withdrawal symptoms, such as becoming tired and irritable, as well as extreme psychological cravings to enjoy a cigarette in particular situations, such as after a meal or when they are with friends. All rights reserved. The nervous system has three general functions: Receive input. Related drugs are the nitrites (amyl and butyl nitrite; poppers, rush, locker room) and anesthetics such as nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and ether. However, these drugs can still have adverse consequences with excessive or improper use. Most receptors are specifically tuned to accept only one type of neurotransmitter key. They range from heroin to caffeine. A central nervous system stimulant of the methylxanthine class. Caffeine is the most widely consumed central-nervous-system stimulant. This can result in impaired motor functions, auditory and visual distortions, memory loss, anxiety, numbness, and body tremors. Drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and process signals via neurotransmitters. 1. How do CNS depressants affect the brain? Because they cause a persons breathing to slow, misusing them can cause hypoxia, when the brain does not get enough oxygen. Act. Understanding Withdrawal & Detox by Substance. However, some may have negative effects after taking the drug, such as feeling panic, fear, and distrust. Drugs that are classified as CNS depressants include: Alcohol. Does Your Health Insurance Cover Treatment? Make sense of input. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L.,Brown, R. A. Psychoactive drugs are drugs that affect the Central Nervous System, altering its regular activity. A stimulant is a psychoactive drug that operates by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. Opioid drugs also disrupt the natural production of norepinephrine and act as central nervous system depressants. This increased activity reduces brain activity, resulting in the relaxing effect of these drugs. Psychoactive drugs belong to a broader category of psychoactive substances that include also alcohol and nicotine. These drugs are easily accessible as the vapors of glue, gasoline, propane, hair spray, and spray paint, and are inhaled to create a change in consciousness. Chapter 6 Define psychopharmacology and psychoactive drug. Because more of these neurotransmitters remain active in the brain, the result is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Over time this can lead to brain damage. These experiences are unpredictable and vary from person to person. Georgia home boy, liquid ecstasy, liquid X, liquid G, fantasy, Active ingredient in over-the-counter cold and cough medicines, Centrax, Dalmane, Doral, Halcion, Librium, ProSom, Restoril, Xanax, Valium, Luminal (Phenobarbital), Mebaraland, Nembutal, Seconal, Sombulex, Often inhaled from whipped cream dispensers. They work by influencing neurotransmitters in the CNS. Meredith Watkins is a licensed marriage and family therapist who specializes in dual diagnosis and eating disorders. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. (2015). From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. When morphine was first refined from opium in the early 19th century, it was touted as a cure for opium addiction, but it didnt take long to discover that it was actually more addicting than raw opium. Graham, K., Osgood, D. W., Wells, S., & Stockwell, T. (2006). Psychoactive drugs are usually broken down into four categories: depressants, stimulants, opioids, and hallucinogens. The seven main types are depressants, psychedelics, stimulants, empathogens, opioids, cannabinoids, and dissociatives. tolerance Continued use of psychoactive drugs leads to.. tolerance the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect tolerance Concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol is more potent and potentially more toxic than use of either aloneA multiple-dose study 1. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was a primary constituent in many popular tonics and elixirs and, although it was removed in 1905, was one of the original ingredients in Coca-Cola. Wagner, F. A., & Anthony, J. C. (2002). In recent years, cannabis has again been frequently prescribed for the treatment of pain and nausea, particularly in cancer sufferers, as well as for a wide variety of other physical and psychological disorders (Ben Amar, 2006). Heroin and prescription opioid drugs like OxyContin (oxycodone), Vicodin (acetaminophen/hydrocodone), fentanyl, methadone, and Dilaudid (hydromorphone) bind to opioid receptors in the brain and trigger the release of dopamine. What is the Common Comorbidity in Substance Abuse? For example, all drugs can lead to dependency and addiction. Snorting (sniffing) drugs can lead to a loss of the sense of smell, nosebleeds, difficulty in swallowing, hoarseness, and chronic runny nose. (2002). Although all recreational drugs are dangerous, some can be more deadly than others. In a sense, these drugs hijack the limbic system in the brain, inducing a powerful high that individuals are often keen to recreate, leading to reinforcing behaviors. They also include antidepressants, anxiety-relieving medicines, and other psychiatric medications. In contrast to stimulants, which work to increase neural activity, a depressant acts to slow down consciousness. 1 They can affect concentration and coordination and slow down a person's ability to respond to unexpected situations. Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. Even people who are not normally aggressive may react with aggression when they are intoxicated. Has major negative health effects if smoked or chewed, Possible dependence, accompanied by severe crash with depression as drug effects wear off, particularly if smoked or injected. Differences in risk-taking propensity across inner-city adolescent ever- and never-smokers. It is much less likely to lead to antisocial acts than that other popular intoxicant, alcohol, and it is also the one psychedelic drug whose use has not declined in recent years (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009). Caffeine is a naturally occurring central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most widely taken psychoactive stimulant globally. Heroin is an illegal drug that binds to opioid receptors in the brain, causing a rush of pleasurable sensations. The central nervous system controls both voluntary movements, such as those involved in walking and in speech, and involuntary movements, such as breathing and reflex actions. Drugs can be categorised by the way in which they affect our bodies: depressants slow down the function of the central nervous system. Depressants change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and the reticular formation. Retrieved from http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725181.700. Marijuana also has several long-term side effects on the brain, which are especially prevalent in individuals who use the drug before the brain is fully developed. Medicines in my home: Caffeine and your body. Gable, R. (2004). Regular cocaine abuse can lead to paranoia and negatively impact functions of the central nervous system, causing cardiac arrhythmias, sudden cardiac arrest, ischemic heart conditions, a respiratory syndrome unique to snorting to cocaine, hypertension, convulsions, stroke, and death, the DEA warns. Can you see any weaknesses in the study caused by the fact that the results are based on correlational analyses. While medical marijuana is now legal in several American states, it is still banned under federal law, putting those states in conflict with the federal government. In particular, legal and illegal drugs have different levels of potential harm. Ecstasy is also commonly combined with alcohol or other drugs, or cut with toxic substances, which can have potentially hazardous consequences. Other common risks of psychoactive substances include: Seeking help for addiction may seem daunting or even scary, but several organizations can provide support. (2009). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105, 125. As you can see in Table 5.1 Psychoactive Drugs by Class, the four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens. Psychedelic therapy is the use of plants and compounds that can induce hallucinations to treat mental health diagnoses, such as depression and PTSD, Hallucinations are sensory experiences that exist only in the mind. Opium is the dried juice of the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy. They are all compounds that affect the functioning of the mind through pharmacological action on the central nervous system. Opioid drugs are considered highly addictive, as ASAM publishes that almost a quarter of heroin users will suffer from addiction to opioids. Many depressant medications also have the potential to be addictive. Opioid overdose is an all too common consequence of opioid abuse, which can often result in severe respiratory depression that can be fatal. They can cause delays in processing commands to the body. For instance, we might normally notice the presence of a police officer or other people around us, which would remind us that being aggressive is not appropriate. Alcohol acts as a general depressant in the central nervous system, where its actions are similar to those of general anesthetics. It binds to serotonin transporters in the brain and has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. The drugs may also contain toxic chemicals. urbansnaps kennymc Woman injecting heroin CC BY 2.0. Both physical and psychological dependence are important parts of this disorder. LSD and other hallucinogens can cause a person to experience, hear, or see things that do not exist. Psychoactive drugs affect consciousness by influencing how neurotransmitters operate at the synapses of the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the quality and contents of illegal drugs are generally unknown, and the doses can vary substantially from purchase to purchase. Using psychoactive drugs may create tolerance and, when they are no longer used, withdrawal. Psychological Bulletin, 107(3), 341354. 2. Many drugs, including both legal and illegal drugs, are psychoactive drugs.This means that they affect the central nervous system, generally by influencing the transmission of nerve impulses. Three main mechanisms of action of caffeine on the central nervous system have been described. Alcohol and social behavior: I. What is the latest research on the form of cancer Jimmy Carter has? Nicotine, which people can find in smoked and chewed tobacco products, is a stimulant and depressant. Alcohol and illicit drugs (like cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, prescription pain killers, etc.) Their body can also become dependent on nicotine, which can lead to addiction. Stimulants, including caffeine, nicotine, and amphetamine, increase neural activity by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the CNS. Meth has similar effects on the brain and central nervous system, and individuals who abuse it regularly may suffer from hallucinations, anxiety, and confusion as well. This does not mean that all drugs are dangerous, but rather that all drugs can be dangerous, particularly if they are used regularly over long periods of time. Nicotine is a psychoactive drug found in the nightshade family of plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide. (1993). They cause changes in a person's mood, behavior, and awareness (like time and space). With each pump the balloon appears bigger on the screen, and more money accumulates in a temporary bank account. However, when a balloon is pumped up too far, the computer generates a popping sound, the balloon disappears from the screen, and all the money in the temporary bank is lost. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. They affect how a person thinks, feels and behaves. However, they can also cause paranoia, anger, and psychosis. . Cocaine is a stimulant that is illegal in many countries. Psychoactive drugs are usually broken down into four categories: depressants, stimulants, opioids, and hallucinogens. Some also cause euphoria, increased energy, sleepiness, hallucinations, and more. Learn more about psilocybin here. (1997). Chapter 12: Defining Psychological Disorders, Chapter 13: Treating Psychological Disorders, Chapter 14: Psychology in Our Social Lives, Table 5.2 Popular Recreational Drugs and Their Safety Ratios, http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725181.700, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000951.htm, http://www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/cocaine/cocaine.html, http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/HSYouthTrends.html, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/UCM205286.pdf, Next: 5.3 Altering Consciousness Without Drugs, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Some of the dangers of psychoactive drugs include: Short-term physical effects include higher blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, problems with sleeping and eating, nausea and vomiting, shakiness, or dizziness. Patients who have become physically dependent on morphine administered during the course of medical treatment for a painful injury or disease are able to be rapidly weaned off the drug afterward, without becoming addicts. Find your insurance. Their chemical makeup is similar to the endorphins, the neurotransmitters that serve as the bodys natural pain reducers. Natural opioids are derived from the opium poppy, which is widespread in Eurasia, but they can also be created synthetically.

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