kissing contusion anklekissing contusion ankle

Its important to note that, with a blunt injury, you may have bruised some bones and fractured others, so X-rays are a good way to determine the full extent of your injury. 1. In most cases, it can take a few months for the bruise to go away. Disclaimer. T1 weighted method of MRI will show the bruise in the form of a decrease in bone intensity. Kiss (12) Police (12) Teenager (12) Friendship (11) Nudity (11) Shooting (11) Teenage Boy (11 (Jana Bouskov) is dashing up a steep slope to try to catch a bus, but she twists her ankle and the bus doesn't wait. Ankle impingement is a common condition occurring secondary to sprain or repeated microtrauma. One of the peculiarities that can develop in the adult with juxta-articular "kissing" lesions, especially in the lower extremity, is the proclivity towards arthrosis of the involved joint owing to abnormal contact stresses. Local autograft was then supplemented with an allograft demineralized bone graft substitute. Epub 2002 Sep 21. For complete information about the cookies we use, data we collect and how we process them, please check our, why was the suez canal important to britain, diameter and circumference of a soda can in cm, Msvs_version Not Set From Command Line Or Npm Config, Power Automate Get File Properties From Url. Epub 2018 Feb 5. Weil Foot & Ankle Institute was founded in 1965, by Dr. Lowell Weil Sr, who was inspired by a need to progress the Foot & Ankle Care category into the future through innovation. Limping will also cause the ankle to have a lot more weight on it. Large para-articular osteochondroma of the knee joint: a case report. However, Trevors disease (Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica or DEH) or Fairbanks disease are variants of osteochondromata in which the lesion is intra-articular and grows adjacent to joint cartilage [8]. Here the medullary and the cortical portions of the bone will be broken but the broken pieces do not separate from each other. A 30-year-old professional ballet dancer presents with persistant ankle pain after an ankle sprain 6 months ago. Copy and Paste Pain at the back of the ankle. Pinar H, Akseki D, Kovanlikaya I, Ara S, Bozkurt M. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. When this happens, blood from broken capillaries (small blood vessels) near the skin's surface may leak out under the skin. harry potter extras cast; why do guys go commando. Types of Foot and Ankle Ligament Surgeries. Radiographics 2000 ; 20 : 1407-1434. Figure 7 Photomicrograph of the cartilaginous cap at the margin of the exostoses demonstrates linear arrangement of active chondrocytes. We retrospectively reviewed the images of all consecutive patients who underwent MR imaging of the ankle after acute or recurrent sprain occurring between January and December 1997. In some cases, there is avascular necrosis of the bone as the blood supply to the bone is affected. Presentation of a contusion is characterized by direct trauma to the muscle group, with subsequent pain and swelling resulting from bleeding within the muscle. The incidence has been reported to be between 2 and 7 per 1000 person-years. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bony excrescences at the posterior subtalar joint with, disruption of the posterior facet articular surfaces, . Approximately 2mm of subchondral bone was removed. Sort by Popularity - Most Popular Movies and TV Shows tagged with keyword "sprained-ankle". Bone contusions in both surfaces of the knee (kissing contusion) are rather rare complex injuries of the knee and their importance has not been well established. Casado-Hernndez I, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Losa-Iglesias ME, Santiago-Nuo F, Mazoteras-Pardo V, Lpez-Lpez D, Rodrguez-Sanz D, Calvo-Lobo C. Quant Imaging Med Surg. Ankle Injury : Contusion. Osteochondral Fracture: If the hairline bone fracture affects the cartilage and forms a connection between the joint and the bone bruise then it is diagnosed as an osteochondral fracture. PENNYSUE. Type of Sprained Ankle: Understand How Ankles Get Sprained. Bone Contusion. Flu-like symptoms ( fatigue, fever, sore throat, headache, cough, aches and pains) Heavy menstrual flow. During the last trimester of pregnancy, many ladies suffer from a transient osteoporosis of the hip which gives rise to pain in the hip and the thigh. Cartilage can be focally damaged, producing a pot hole in the joint surface, when the knee ligaments are injured. Axial MRI imaging demonstrates fragmentation within the osteochondroma indicative of two separate, but kissing lesions. Trabecular trauma of the talus and medial malleolus concurrent with lateral collateral ligamentous injuries of the ankle: evaluation with MR imaging. One theory is that bone bruising occurs as a result of a mechanism referred to as contrecoup. Photomicrograph of the cartilaginous cap at the margin of the exostoses demonstrates linear arrangement of active chondrocytes. Post operatively the patient was treated with standard protocol for subtalar joint arthrodesis. Epub 2018 Feb 23. Stress fractures as a result of repeated trauma, Inflammation of the bone or joint (reactive arthritis, bacterial arthritis or osteomyelitis), Osteopenia that is weak bones in malnourished individuals, Haematoma within the bone in people with bleeding disorders. Most osteochondromas grow from metaphyseal locations away from the adjacent joint. What would be the next most appropriate step for treatment? Single bone contusions are seen more often impacting on one another during an avulsion injury. To the best of our knowledge this patients presentation represents a unique case of adjacent osteochondromata of the hindfoot that has not been reported previously in the literature. eCollection 2021 Nov. Allahabadi S, Allahabadi S, Allala R, Garg K, Pandya NK, Lau BC. A drill bit (2mm diameter) was used to create several channels between the surface and underlying cancellous bone. was consistent with a presumptive diagnosis of osteochondroma. Take an over the counter anti-inflammatory medication as well. Hip: The commonest cause of oedema in the hip bone is avascular necrosis of the neck of femur. Pain, deformities, and the grinding or movement of broken bones of the knee, shin, ankle, and foot. Most osteochondral injuries, including ankle sprains, occur by accident. In 16 (11%) of the 146 ankles, the lesions were present in the opposing bones of the joint ("kissing" lesions). Subsequent inspection of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint demonstrated denuded cartilage with exposed subchondral bone. For a bad contusion, you will have loss of function and be unable to walk or run properly. After failure of conservative management, this patient underwent surgical excision followed with a planned arthrodesis for symptomatic peroneal impingement and subtalar arthrosis, both likely complications of the osteochondromata. The minor cracks are seen only in the medulla where as the cortical portion remains intact. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Hopefully that will ease The treatment goals are to reduce pain and swelling, promote healing of the ligament, and restore function of the ankle. There may be joint tenderness and swelling. Bone contusions in both surfaces of the knee (kissing contusion) are rather rare complex injuries of the knee and their importance has not been well established. and transmitted securely. Figures A and B are radiographs of the left ankle. Osteochondroma comprise the most common benign bone tumor and their overall incidence is unknown as many are asymptomatic and only detected once their mass effect manifests as a cosmetic deformity, mechanical symptom or symptom of neurovascular compression [2, 3]. Bone contusions cause deep, achy pain and often . 2018 Aug;28(6):1199-1207. doi: 10.1007/s00590-018-2161-7. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal We report the case of a patient who presented with osteochondromas originating from the talus and calcaneus, representing a rare case of osteochondromas within the talocalcaneal joint, due to the location of the tumors and proximity of the lesions. Increased incidence of traumatic etiology. Syndesmosis ruptures are also associated with specific types of ankle fractures. 2012 Sep-Oct;15(5):E743-8. Learn how we can help. Instability in the ankle. Of these cases, only a few incidents of talar osteochondromas have been reported. Q: Did you ask him if he drank any alcohol? There have also been reports of DEH kissing lesions which grow adjacent to an affected joint and lead to pain and presentation in childhood [6]. 2021 Nov 3;9(11):23259671211029208. doi: 10.1177/23259671211029208. Acta Orthop Scand, Staals EL, Bacchini P, Mercuri M, Bertoni F. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas arising in preexisting osteochondromas. The objective of this study was to determine the presence and location of subchondral bone contusions, fractures, and "kissing" lesions of the talotibial joint after a sprain of the ankle shown on MR imaging. This condition is called as a kissing contusion where the two bruises are seen one on top of the other separated by a . maroondah council open space contribution Local autograft was then supplemented with an allograft demineralized bone graft substitute. Injury to the ligament or joint capsule may lead to synovitis, scar tissue, hypertrophied soft 2. However an intraosseous bleed cannot be picked up on an X-ray. The fractures healed uneventfully and all the patients recovered satisfactorily except two had moderate restriction in ankle movement. Also, displaced intra-articular loose To our knowledge, there are no prior reports of osteochondromas in such proximity of the talus and calcaneus [4]. (55/225 (21.5%)). Injury. (f)Once the injury is better, the doctor may advice physiotherapy sessions to ensure that the joint remains mobile and to prevent stiffness. Our case report is important as it is the first description of these MRI findings which will help enable clinicians to recognise this rare injury and allow for appropriate management. Muscle ruptures are usually straightforward; sudden intense pain . The MRI is supposed to reveal the grade of the lateral left ankle sprain. Diagnosis by an X-ray is often difficult and higher investigations like MRI may be required. An inversion sprain occurs when your ankle twists into an inverted state, or in other words, when it rolls inward. Skin has bruises which are not due to bleeding beneath the skin but a result of internal bleeding in the bone. 1997. Deep Bone Bruise is an injury and bleed in the medullary part of the bone and hence it is classified as intraosseous bleed. Contusions of both surfaces of the joint are known as kissing contusions. Fractures of the capitellum humeri and their associated injuries. Bone bruise is present in this case but is not the cause of the pain. This can be picked up on a digital X-ray. Association between anterior talofibular ligament injury and ankle tendon, ligament, and joint conditions revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. When this happens, blood from broken capillaries (small blood vessels) near the skin's surface may leak out under the skin. Diagnosis can be done by tests like X-ray, ultrasound or Ct scan. The aetiology is mostly an injury following which, there is a collection of blood between the bone and the periosteum. You will also likely be advised to refrain from strenuous physical activity while you heal. Accessibility Osteochondromas have been reported in the literature adjacent to a periosteal chondroma forming a kissing lesion [7]. In this case the patient had symptomatic peroneal compression and subtalar arthrosis. 2007;89(5):987-993. Long-term osseous sequelae after acute trauma of the knee joint evaluated by MRI. By logical extension, the instability of torn knee cartilage could be the source of this type of pain. Radiological investigations are very useful in detecting the cause of the bone bruise. Hi woud appreciate any opinons on this. A 58-year-old female administrator presented with persistent pain at her left hindfoot. Only six of the 12 talar fractures and none of the tibial fractures involving the 26 ankles were seen on conventional radiography. ; A bone bruise is characterised by three different kinds of bone injuries including: sub-periosteal hematoma, inter-osseous bruising and a sub-chondral lesion, or a combination . 1996 Jan;25(1):49-54. doi: 10.1007/s002560050031. Avoidance of dancing with CAM walker boot for 2 weeks, Type in at least one full word to see suggestions list, Orthopaedic Summit Evolving Techniques 2021, Evolving Technique Update: Role Of An Osteotomy In The Treatment Of An Osteochondral Lesion Of The Talus - Phinit Phisitkul, MD, Orthopaedic Summit Evolving Techniques 2020, Evolving Technique Update: MSCs For Cartilage Repair: Let Me Show You How - Italy Guides The Way - Alberto Gobbi, MD, 2019 Orthopaedic Summit Evolving Techniques, Debridement And Abrasion: It's Simple And Yields Great Results: Watch Me! A contusion, or bruise, forms when soft tissue in the body is crushed but the skin doesn't break. What is the next appropriate step in the management of this patient? (ii)Geographic: This type of bone bruise is comparatively bigger in size and more dense as compared to reticular bruise. June 7, 2022; certified financial therapist . The majority of OLTs, as many as 85%, occur after a traumatic injury to the ankle joint. If nothing shows up on your X-Ray, your podiatrist may order an MRI to confirm a diagnosis of a bone bruise (this type of injury will not show up on an X-Ray scan.). When identified in a child, conservative management of these uniquely paired osteochondromas or periosteal chondroma is usually advocated, as surgical intervention for asymptomatic, intra-articular lesions may result in secondary arthrosis. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The number and location of subchondral contusions or fractures revealed on MR imaging were recorded, and a comparison was made with the radiographs obtained for each patient. Swelling, bleeding, and tissue damage. Reviewed By: Kristin Abruscato DPT, Published: Jan 22nd, 2022 * Corresponding author: bmckinney@westernu.edu. Objective: Contusion of left ankle, initial encounter 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Billable/Specific Code S90.02XA is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. Wrist: Rheumatoid arthritis causes oedema of the bone marrow and affects the smaller joints of the body. The common sites where these bruises are seen are: Bone bruises are common in the ankle region especially in the lower ends of the tibia or the talus bone. (, Chou LB, Ho YY, Malawer MM. Histopathology of both specimens revealed linear columns of maturing chondrocytes within a cartilaginous cap and islands of cartilage within the bone of the stalk confirming the diagnosis of talocalcaneal osteochondromas on both sides of the joint (Figures 6 and 7). Kissing corns are soft corns that form between your toes, usually the fourth and fifth. Pain during plantar flexion may be due to stretching of the joint capsule over the bony spurs. The known complications that are associated with intraosseous bleed are joint stiffness, post trauma osteoarthritis. Ankle Injury DL25. A foot bruise may occur with symptoms outside the foot. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript, Ahmed AR, Tan TS, Unni KK, Collins MS, Wenger DE, Sim FH. how to recover stolen cryptocurrency from trust wallet; nc state hockey; firehawk aerospace dallas; brenda lowe baby name; observatory hill, pittsburgh crime; buying cigarettes in corfu 0 $ 0.00; 1981 high school basketball player rankings; If you are using our Services via a browser you can restrict, block or remove cookies through your web browser settings. 3 We retrospectively reviewed the images of all consecu-tive patients who underwent MR imaging of the ankle after acute or recurrent sprain occurring between January and December 1997. Sprains heal faster, but it can take up to six weeks for a broken . The results will vary depending on the type of the MRI. During his workup, an MRI shows a 1x1 cm lateral talar osteochondral defect (OCD). The following are the common sites where this hematoma may occur: The diagnosis is done on the basis of symptoms like blurring of vision and outward protrusion of the eyeball. (OBQ06.213) Conflict of Interest Declaration The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the If the geographic type of bruise is in connection with the joint then it is diagnosed as osteochondral fracture. An osteochondroma is a benign chondrogenic lesion derived from aberrant cartilage. In three (table 2, cases 8, 10, and 11) the kissing contusion appeared in the lateral compart-ment, with a type II lesion on the femoral condyle and a type I lesion on the tibial condyle. 4,10,24 The absolute risk of ankle sprains had been estimated to be 1 per 1000 sports hours 23 and makes up a significant amount of lost playing time. Although osteochondromas represent one of the most common bone lesions, they rarely present in the foot and ankle. (, Herrera-Perez M, De Mendoza M, De Bergua-Domingo J, Pais-Brito J. Osteochondromas around the ankle: Report of a case and literature review; International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 4 (2013) 1025 1027. The exostoses were removed at their base to the level of native contours of bone at both the talus and calcaneus (Figure 4). This type of bleeding is commonly diagnosed as a bone bruise. The healing time is measured as the time taken for the bone bruise to completely disappear. Bone bruises are common after severe ankle sprain. Peroneal spastic flatfoot caused by a talar osteochondral lesion: a case report. from publication: The appearance of kissing contusion in the acutely injured knee in the athletes | Bone contusions are often identified at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the acutely. One thing that will certainly be a talking point if LeBrons injury is serious is Solomon Hills role. The presence of underlying joint damage and degeneration can make the healing time longer. (. Bifurcate ligament is intact. 4.3k views Answered >2 years ago. The .gov means its official. PMC There was also underlying severe bone on bone degenerative change of the posterior facet with associated reactive edema within the talus and calcaneus (Figure 2). Bone is usually made of a hard, outer surface with a softer, spongy inner surface. A narrow osteotome was used to increase the exposed cancellous surface area. A midline incision was used , splitting the Achilles tendon centrally in a longitudinal fashion. Brostrum), medial malleolar osteotomy for medial and posterior lesions, longitudinal incision centered over medial malleolus, flexor retinaculum released posteriorly; PTT retracted posteriorly, osteotomy guided based of 2 parallelly placed K-wires, with goal to enter plafond at lateral extent of OLT, prior to osteotomy, 2 drill holes placed to aid in reduction following procedure, sagittal saw and osteotome used to complete osteotomy, care taken not to cause thermal necrosis to bone or damage cartilage, lateral malleolar osteotomy or ATFL/CFL release for lateral lesions, longitudinal incision centered over lateral malleolus, oblique osteotomy planned, with predrilling of small fragment screws holes to aid in reduction following procedure, alternatively, if lateral ligament reconstruction is planned, extensor retinaculum may be released, peroneal tendons retracted posteriorly and ATFL and CFL released, ankle inverted and plantarflexed to expose talar dome, OLT debrided and measured using sizing guide, appropriately sized autograft may be harvested from knee and placed into OLT, impacted gently into defect, OATs harvested from the knee have a cartilage thickness less than the native talus, this will cause immediate post-operative xrays to show a prominent graft despite the cartilage surface being flush, do not release deltoid ligament as may jeopardize deltoid artery blood supply, ankle impingement if graft plug left proud, arthroscopic harvest of chondrocytes (from ankle or alternatively from knee) are sent for cultured growth, open approach via osteotomy for implantation, debridement of lesion to create stable cartilage rim, subchondral bone exposed, bone graft may be placed if underlying cyst and bone loss, periosteum from tibia taken and fitted to defect, this is sutured into place this small caliber suture, omitting one area to leave access to underlying defect, water-tight seal confirmed, cultured chondrocytes placed under flap and suture placed, fibrin glue placed over defect, newer technique of matrix-based chondrocyte implantation (MACI) shown equivalent outcomes to ACI and may obviate need for osteotomy, small percentage of patients do not achieve pain relief regardless of treatment, Lesions may progress to involve entire ankle joint, Posterior Tibial Tendon Insufficiency (PTTI). The diagnosis can be done by an X-ray or MRI. Lateral view of the left ankle demonstrating postoperative changes with removal of the talocalcaneal osteochondromas and subtalar arthrodesis. (i)Reticular: Reticular type of bone bruises are those that happen in the medulla of the bone or the spongy inner layer. Presence of a tumour or growth leads to inflammatory changes in the bone. Bookshelf Posttraumatic subchondral bone contusions and fractures of the talotibial joint: occurrence of kissing lesions. In knee joint bone bruises, this time is upto two months whereas ankle bruises may take even twelve months to completely go away. The causes could be bone bruise, inflammation, oedema or fluid collection. Foot was approved as part of Unicode 11.0 in 2018 and added to Emoji 11.0 in 2018.. re-rupture. Copyright 2023 Lineage Medical, Inc. All rights reserved. We observed joint effusion of the subtalar joint with high signal intensity of the adjacent talar and calcaneal bone identified on T2 and STIR sequencing as well as arthrosis on cartilage sequencing anterior to these lesions, presumably secondary to decreased mobility of the subtalar joint and a shift in the normal mechanical stresses anteriorly. The superficial deltoid ligaments appear intact. Orthop J Sports Med. X-ray is used to diagnose a fracture in the bone. After growth plate closure there is typically no further growth of the lesions and the cartilage cap of osteochondroma mature to a maximal thickness of 2mm [5]. There are some medical conditions which present with similar symptoms as bone bruise. Bone bruise is defined as the localized blood collection inside a bone which may be associated with an internal fracture in the spongy part of the bone.The cortical layer on the outside remains normal and intact. Axial MRI imaging demonstrates fragmentation within the osteochondroma indicative of two separate, but kissing lesions. The risk for injury is higher in sports with jumping, such as basketball, or sports with quick direction change, such as soccer or football. Spring ligament complex appears intact. Causes of Numbness and Tingling (Paresthesia) in, Acute trauma affecting the person and involving the joint, Excessive impact or friction between the two bones present in a joint. "The appearance of kissing contusion in the acutely injured knee in the athletes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kissing_contusion&oldid=903873252, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 June 2019, at 13:40. To determine the frequency, type, and distribution of kissing contusions occurring in association with injuries of the . This is more common after a geographic bruise. The clot will resolve on its own but if the size is big and it fails to get reabsorbed, then surgical removal of the clot has to be done. If you have severe ligament damage caused by an ankle sprain, overuse or injury, your doctor will likely recommend ankle ligament reconstruction surgery. A broken ankle or ankle fracture is when one or more of the bones in your ankle break. This was demonstrated in our patient who had subtalar arthrosis adjacent to peri-articular talar and calcaneal osteochondroma. Similar findings, referred to as "kissing" contusions, have also been described in the knee [ 7 ]. The bone bruise tends to heal within 60 days whereas the ligament will take much longer to heal. At six month and one year follow up visits the patient had returned to full activities without difficulty or pain at her left hindfoot. In Kiss ankle & foot pain goodbye with our compression foot sleeves! These characteristic lesions that occur both on the femoral and tibial condyle are of great importance, not only in that they are frequently a sign of more serious associated injury . The cartilage can be torn, crushed or damaged and, in rare cases, a cyst can form in the cartilage. Figure 1 Lateral and Mortise views of the left ankle demonstrate severe subtalar joint space narrowing with a well circumscribed pedunculated osseous lesion projecting posteriorly from the subtalar joint. When this happen, it can cause a, We use cookies to enhance your experience while using our website. These contusions are generally found by magnetic resonance imaging and most cases are associated with ligamentous or menisceal injuries. (, O. ahap Atik, M.D., Baran Sarkaya, M.D., Cemalettin Kunat, M.D., Ramin Muradi, M.D., Bahadr Ocaktan, M.D., Hseyin Topu, M.D. Occult Bone Fracture is diagnosed when the inner and outer layers of the bone are broken but the fracture occurs in such a way that the line of the fracture is non identifiable and thin. Nonoperative modalities such as brace-wear and NSAID use provided limited relief of pain and associated disability. Patella which is a small bone present in front of the knee joint. Two exostoses were noted to be extending posteriorly from the talus and calcaneus, respectively. The discovery that bone contusion occurs during ACL ruptures was made by looking at MRIs of 81 patients . re-rupture. Tenderness when you touch the ankle. baker's dozen, english muffin, kissing cousin, ragamuffin, second cousin 5 minor, more People also search for: injury, contusion, sprain, charley horse hamstring, stress fracture, ankle, herniated disc, bruise, more Use concussion in a sentence. Disabling symptoms are often prolonged. A human foot shown with five toes and may include part or all of the ankle. Cartilage Tumors: Evaluation and Treatment. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A condition where the blood collects inbetween the cortical bone and the periosteum is called as subperiosteal haematoma. Early surgical intervention has been advocated for metaphyseal or juxta-articular lesions to avoid complications with associated growth and deformity. The causes and sites of marrow oedema that are not due to any kind of trauma are-. Technique guides are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including ABOS, EBOT and RC. Radiographs at the time were negative and his pain improved over the next two months. Women Rain Boots Ankle Short Chelsea Rubber Elastic Solid Waterproof Anti-slip Shoes Booties dripdrop ladies low. Osteochondroma of the talus. Symptoms are skin bruises and bulging anywhere in the scalp region due to collection of blood beneath the bone. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Seo SS, Park JY, Kim HJ, Yoon JW, Park SH, Kim KH. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Its also wise to see your podiatrist since he or she will perform an X-ray to confirm whether the bone is simply bruised, or if a fracture has occurred. The coronal image demonstrates the extensive osteoarthritic changes apparent in the subtalar joint of the patient. Inversion Ankle Sprain This probably is the most common ankle injury that occurs to the average person. doi: 10.3827/faoj.2017.1003.0002, 1 San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) in San Antonio, Texas, United States. Initial treatment consists of rest, ice, compression and elevation. This can be done by wrapping ice packs in a towel got get greater joint coverage. Considering her chronic persistent pain, Kissing Carotids. (g)Smoking should be strictly avoided, as nicotine in the blood tends to prolong the process of healing. Shown on Apple platforms as the sole of a foot. They occur when a person who is at a great speed, suddenly stops or lands or a hard surface.

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