kassites in the biblekassites in the bible

[39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. 49, no. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone ( kudurru ), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. (2012). "17. There is good reason for thinking that the Kassites were once neighbors of Indo-Europeans, in view of some affinities between their pantheon and the Indo-Aryan one (see Bloomfield, 1904; Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 136 ad srya-). Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. How did the American colonies actually win the war and gain their Independence from Britain? 210 f.). This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. 354 f.). The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. Ancient Babylon, the iconic Mesopotamian city that survived for 2,000 Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). B. In addition, no Kassite anthroponyms and toponyms are recorded in these regions according to the above-mentioned early sources. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. H. H. Paper, rev. Museum, British. The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). During this time, in the 1300s bce, Assyria broke away from Babylonia. [15][16] Kudurrus, stone stele used to record land grants and related documents provide another source for Kassite history. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. It has also been suggested that the first element in Kudur-Enlil's name is derived from Elamite but that is disputed.[49][50]. 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. Van De Mieroop, 2003, pp. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. J. Eidem, The Shemshra Tablets 2: The Administrative Texts, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 15, Copenhagen, 1982. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. The temple gave people loans, possibly in return for labor, which may have led to a situation of indebtedness. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. 165-74. Goblets and wavy sided bowls are commonly found in Kassite pottery deposits. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. Tukulti-Ninurta of Assyria conquered Babylon in 1225 B.C., but the Kassites survived Assyrian pressure until twelfth-century wars with Elam finally resulted in the end of their suzerainty. Balkan, 1954, p. 109). 147, Lambert, W. G. The Warwick Kudurru. Syria, vol. Paper, 1956, p. 252). The Kassites took refuge in the mountains but were brought down and resettled, in standard Assyrian practice, in Hardispi and Bit Kubatti, which were made part of the Arrapha district. "uqamuna und u/imalija." A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. Idem, The Representation of Foreigners in Neo- and Late-Babylonian Legal Documents (Eighth-Second Centuries B.C.E. Stone Records From The Kassite Dynasty In Babylonia - Ancient Pages 112 f.). Mid-12th Century. Ramose was her father. D.O. Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. As for the meaning of Ahmose, I am no Egyptologist but I am fairly certain that his name means born of Iah (the moond god). (2015). Kassites - Crystalinks Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. When did the kassite exist? - Sempoa.jodymaroni.com Zamua, which was originally Lullubian (see LULUBI), had only one pertinent toponym, namely,Ban-ba-la, which may be the Kassite form of Babylon. If one judges by the onomasticon, the individuals bearing Kassite names were 7.72-5.31 percent of the general sample from Greater Media, i.e., the second group after the Iranians, whose percentage was 45.37-32.36 percent (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Kassite. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. 17 ff. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient - Amazon It was located near the Euphrates River . The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 17793, Roaf, Michael. 9, pp. Volume 1 Kardunia. Bibliography 257 Environment, Series II, Memoirs IV. [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. "The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State." Some lexicographers associate the "land of Cush" of Genesis 2:13 with the Kassites (Akkadian, kassu ), a people of the plateau of central Asia mentioned in ancient cuneiform inscriptions but whose history remains quite obscure. The Biblical Garden of Eden She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. 1 The Assyrian Empire. (Kassites). It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. Krishna was at once a Kurus, an Abhira, and a Yadava. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Period [1600-1160 BCE] During the 16th century BCE. 31-45, 47-73, 106-33. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. What are the Kassites known for? - All Famous Faqs [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). 44 f., 59). The fall of Babylon is a historical event that occurred in 539 BC. The Kassite and Dynasty List of Kings - Bible History 2005. 14155, Hjlund, Flemming. History and Archaeology of the World's Oldest CityBabel/Babylon and Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 413, n. 22). 55, No. This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. Unlike conquerors who preceded them, the Kassites do not seem to have been considered a foreign and intrusive element by the Babylonians in the post-Kassite period and later. J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. The rulers of the successive three post-Kassite dynasties (ca. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Who Were the Hittites? - Biblical Archaeology Society Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. Donbaz, Veysel. In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. Krishna was the father of Abraham (Brahma). 2, 2004, pp. ; Sassmannshausen, 2000, pp. and ruled the area for 576 years. At some point between the 14th and 9th centuries BCE, the great ziggurat of Babylon was built which would later become associated with the Tower of Babel. This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. Who Were the Assyrians in the Bible? - Synonym Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. Who were the kassites in the Bible? Last modified August 03, 2011. Most of the documentation (ca. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. Judges 6:3 | View whole chapter | See verse in context. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. 229-244, Brinkman, J. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. 240-44. The event is recorded in Genesis 12. The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. 271-81. [8][9] About 100 Kassite tablets were found at Dur-Kurigalzu. The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. Later rule shifted to the new city of Dur-Kurigalzu. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. Kassites. The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. 4.1: The Bronze Age States - Humanities LibreTexts Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. . Kassite Art: Unfinished Kudurru (article) | Khan Academy Brinkman, 1986). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. Timeline of Events in Ancient Babylonia - ThoughtCo Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Mesopotamia - HISTORY The Babylonian Empire. K. Balkan, Kassitenstudien, 1: Die Sprache der Kassiten, American Oriental Series 37, New Haven, 1954. About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. Bearded men, religious symbols, horned quadrupeds, and fauna are often shown in these images. But, dont take my word for all of that. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. It is possible that the Habiru in the Amarna Letters are a mix of Hebrews from Egypt and also local rebels from the previous Hebrew peoples, like Abraham was. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. Kassites: the Main Mesopotamian Power After the First Babylonian Empire (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. They gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of Babylon in 1531 BC, and established a dynasty generally assumed to have been based first in that city, after a hiatus. Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert Koldeweys 18991917." 329 f.): ERN u-q-mu-[na(? Chapter 2 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. After Hammurabi, Babylon was taken by the Kassites who called the city Karanduniash. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources. 58, no. The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartisch. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. 177-189, Krebernik, M., and Seidl, U. Their capital city was Dur-Kurigalzu. 5. The Rise And Fall Of Babylon | Bible.org The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. Balkan (1986, pp. 211 f.). What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. Fourteen letters were exchanged between the pharaohs and two successive Kassite kings, Kadaman-Enlil I (1369-55 BCE) and Burnaburia II (1354-28 BCE). "Kassite." 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. 8, 1966, pp. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. A. Many of the kings were popular rulers who became allies with other city-states within the region. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications". I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. Your email address will not be published. However, tribal organization was not strange to the Babylonian society itself also in the Middle Babylonian period (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. If we reference this ancient trade route map it will show us where the Kassites (Semitic people, Akkad, pdf; Akkadian, pdf) once lived, in the mountains east of Mesopotamia. "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). Midianites in The Bible - King James Bible Online 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. 65, no. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. Mitanni; Kassites; Hittites; Egypt - GOD's WAR PLAN World History Encyclopedia. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? "New Light on Dilbat: Kassite Building Activities on the Ura Temple E-Ibbi-Anum at Tell al-Deylam" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. The world of the Bible is knowable. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. However, I dont think that Ahmose IIs stele tells the story. XVI, Fasc. Around 1500 BC. Kassite deities - Wikipedia Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. Kassite traditions endured mostly in the private and familial spheres (see Heinz, 1995, p. 165). Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr.

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